5. COMMON STOCK

75,000,000 authorized common shares, par value of $0.001, and 5,000,000 preferred shares, par value of $0.001. 

Equity Award Issuances and Settlements

During the six months ended June 30, 2016, we issued no shares of common stock to satisfy stock option exercises and 196,732 shares of common stock to satisfy restricted stock unit settlements, compared with the issuance of no shares of common stock and 253,538 shares of common stock to satisfy stock option exercises and restricted stock unit settlements, respectively, during the six months ended June 30, 2015.

2010 Performance Incentive Plan

As of June 30, 2016, we had reserved, pursuant to various plans, 3,638,576 common shares for issuance upon exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units by employees, directors, officers and consultants of ours, of which 3,004,187 were reserved for options currently outstanding, 381,274 were reserved for restricted stock units currently outstanding and 253,115 were available for future equity grants.

Stock Option Summary

We grant stock options that vest over time in accordance with terms as determined by our Board of Directors, or the Board, which terms are typically four years for employee and consultant grants and one to three years for Board option grants. We also grant stock option awards that vest in conjunction with certain performance conditions to executive officers, employees and consultants. At each reporting date, we are required to evaluate whether achievement of the performance conditions is probable. Compensation expense is recorded over the appropriate service period based upon our assessment of accomplishing each performance condition. The expiry date for each option is set by the Board, which is typically seven to ten years. The exercise price of the options is determined by the Board, but will be at least equal to the fair value of the share at the grant date.

Stock option transactions and the number of stock options outstanding are summarized below:

The fair value of each stock award for employees and directors is estimated on the grant date and for consultants at each reporting period, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the weighted-average assumptions noted in the following table:

The expected life was calculated based on the simplified method as permitted by the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin 110, Share-Based Payment. We consider the use of the simplified method appropriate because we believe our historical stock option exercise activity may not be indicative of future stock option exercise activity based upon the AFFINITY clinical data results we expect to receive in the third quarter of 2016, the structural changes to our business that may result and the potential impact of that data on our business operations and future stock option exercise activity. The expected volatility of options granted was calculated based on the historical volatility of the shares of our common stock. The risk-free interest rate is based on a U.S. Treasury instrument whose term is consistent with the expected life of the stock options. In addition to the assumptions above, as required under ASC 718, management made an estimate of expected forfeitures and is recognizing compensation costs only for those equity awards expected to vest. Forfeiture rates are estimated using historical actual forfeiture rates. These rates are adjusted on a quarterly basis and any change in compensation expense is recognized in the period of the change. We have never paid or declared cash dividends on our common stock and do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

The results for the periods set forth below included share-based compensation expense for stock options and restricted stock units in the following expense categories of the consolidated statements of loss (in thousands):

As of June 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options granted was $1.7 million and $1.8 million respectively, which is expected to be recognized as expense over a period of approximately 1.6 years from June 30, 2016.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, a total of 7.1 million shares, consisting of  3.7 million warrants, 3.0 million options and 0.4 million restricted stock units, have not been included in the loss per share computation, as their effect on diluted per share amounts would have been anti-dilutive. For the same periods in 2015, a total of 7.6 million shares underlying options, restricted stock units and warrants have not been included in the loss per share computation.

We grant restricted stock unit awards that generally vest and are expensed over a four year period. We also grant restricted stock unit awards that vest in conjunction with certain performance conditions to certain executive officers, key employees and consultants. At each reporting date, we are required to evaluate whether achievement of the performance conditions is probable. Compensation expense is recorded over the appropriate service period based upon our assessment of accomplishing each performance condition. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2016, $0.4 million and $0.6 million, respectively, of compensation expense was recognized related to these awards, compared to $0.4 million and $0.6 million for the three and six months ended June 30, 2015, respectively.

The following table summarizes our restricted stock unit award activity during the six months ended June 30, 2016:

As of June 30, 2016, we had approximately $1.4 million in total unrecognized compensation expense related to our restricted stock unit awards that is to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 1.8 years.

We recognize non-employee stock-based compensation expense over the period of expected service by the non-employee. As the service is performed, we are required to update our valuation assumptions, re-measure unvested options and restricted stock units and record the stock-based compensation using the valuation as of the vesting date. This differs from the accounting for employee awards where the fair value is determined at the grant date and is not subsequently adjusted. This re-measurement may result in higher or lower stock-based compensation expense in the Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss. As such, changes in the market price of our stock could materially change the value of an option or restricted stock unit and the resulting stock-based compensation expense.

The following is a summary of outstanding warrants to purchase common stock at June 30, 2016:

No warrants were exercised during the six months ended June 30, 2016 or 2015.  The Series A-1 Warrants issued in the April 2015 financing are classified as equity. The Series A and Series B warrants issued in the July 2014 financing are classified as liabilities. The estimated fair value of warrants issued and classified as liabilities is reassessed at each reporting date using the Black-Scholes option pricing model.