6. COMMON STOCK

150,000,000 authorized common shares, par value of $0.001, and 5,000,000 preferred shares, par value of $0.001. 

On May 22, 2018, the Company filed an amendment to its Articles of Incorporation and effected as of May 23, 2018 a one-for-ten reverse stock split of its issued and outstanding shares of common stock, $0.001 par value, and a certificate of amendment to its Second Amended and Restated Certificate of Incorporation to increase the number of authorized shares of common stock from 75,000,000 to 150,000,000.

Purchase Agreement and Financing with Lincoln Park Capital

On September 14, 2017 we and Lincoln Park Capital Fund, LLC, or LPC, entered into a share and unit purchase agreement, or Purchase Agreement, pursuant to which we have the right to sell to LPC up to $11.0 million in shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, subject to certain limitations and conditions set forth in the Purchase Agreement. On May 22, 2018 we obtained the requisite stockholder authorization to sell shares of our common stock to LPC in excess of 20% of our outstanding shares of common stock (as of the date we entered into the purchase agreement) in order to be able to sell to LPC the full amount remaining under the purchase agreement. 

Pursuant to the Purchase Agreement, LPC initially purchased 32,895 of our units, or the Units, at a purchase price of $30.40 per unit, with each Unit consisting of (a) one share of our Common Stock and (b) one warrant to purchase one-quarter of a share of Common Stock at an exercise price of $34.96 per share, or Warrant.  Each Warrant is exercisable six months following the issuance date until the date that is five years and six months after the issuance date and is subject to customary adjustments.  The Warrants were issued only as part of the Units in the initial purchase of $1.0 million and no warrants shall be issued in connection with any other purchases of common stock under the Purchase Agreement.

After the initial purchase, if our stock price is above $1.00, as often as every other business day over the 30-month term of the Purchase Agreement, and up to an aggregate amount of an additional $10.0 million (subject to certain limitations) of shares of common stock, we have the right, from time to time, in our sole discretion and subject to certain conditions to direct LPC to purchase up to 8,000 shares of common stock with such amounts increasing as the closing sale price of our common stock as reported on The Nasdaq Capital Market increases. The purchase price of shares of common stock pursuant to the Purchase Agreement will be based on prevailing market prices of common stock at the time of sales without any fixed discount, and we will control the timing and amount of any sales of common stock to LPC. In addition, we may direct LPC to purchase additional amounts as accelerated purchases if on the date of a regular purchase the closing sale price of the common stock is not below $20.00 per share. As consideration for entering into the Purchase Agreement, we issued to LPC 12,352 shares of common stock; no cash proceeds were received from the issuance of these shares. The consideration of 12,352 shares of our common stock were fair valued based on the closing price of our common stock as at the transaction date and recognized as part of offering expenses.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we offered and sold 124,000 shares of our common stock pursuant to the Purchase Agreement with LPC for gross proceeds of approximately $0.4 million. Since entry into the Purchase Agreement, from September 14, 2017 through August 8, 2019, we offered and sold an aggregate of 307,378 shares of our common stock, including the 32,895 shares that were part of the initial purchase of Units. These aggregate sales resulted in gross proceeds to us of approximately $4.1 million and offering expenses of $0.5 million. As of June 30, 2019, shares of our common stock having an aggregate value of approximately $6.9 million remained available for sale under this offering program.

June 2018 Public Offering

On June 19, 2018, we completed an underwritten registered public offering, pursuant to which we sold 710,500 Class A Units at a price per unit of $4.00 and 9,158 Class B Units at a price per unit of $1,000.

Each Class A Unit consisted of one share of our common stock and a warrant to purchase one share of common stock.

Each Class B Unit consisted of one share of Series A Convertible Preferred Stock par value $0.001 per share, convertible at any time at the holder’s option into 250 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase 250 shares of common stock.

Each warrant was immediately exercisable, expires on the five year anniversary of the date of issuance and is exercisable at a price per share of common stock of $4.00. Additionally, subject to certain exceptions, if, after June 19, 2018, (i) the volume weighted average price of our common stock for each of any 30 consecutive trading days, or the Measurement Period, which Measurement Period commences on June 19, 2018, exceeds 300% of the exercise price (subject to adjustments for stock splits, recapitalizations, stock dividends and similar transactions), (ii) the average daily trading volume for such Measurement Period exceeds $500,000 per trading day and (iii) certain other equity conditions are met, and subject to a beneficial ownership limitation, then we may call for cancellation of all or any portion of the warrants then outstanding.

The Class A Units and Class B Units were not certificated and the shares of common stock, Series A Convertible Preferred Stock and warrants comprising such Units were immediately separable and were issued separately in the public offering. The Class A and B Units were offered by us pursuant to (i) the registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333-224840), and each amendment thereto, which was initially filed with the SEC, on May 10, 2018 and declared effective by the SEC on June 14, 2018, and the registration statement on Form S-1 (File No. 333- 225649) filed by the us with the SEC pursuant to Rule 462(b) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act, on June 14, 2018.

In addition, pursuant to the Underwriting Agreement we entered into with Ladenburg Thalmann & Co. Inc., or the Underwriter, on June 15, 2018, we granted the Underwriter a 45 day option, or the Overallotment Option, to purchase up to 450,000 additional shares of common stock and/or warrants to purchase up to 450,000 shares of Common Stock solely to cover over-allotments. The Overallotment Option was exercised in full on June 18, 2018.

The public offering raised total gross proceeds of $13.8 million and after deducting $1.6 million in underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses, we received net proceeds of $12.2 million

The underwriting discounts and commissions and offering expenses have been charged against the gross proceeds.

As of June 30, 2019, all 9,158 shares of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock had been converted into 2,289,500 shares of common stock, and no shares of the Series A Convertible Preferred Stock remained outstanding.

October 2018 Registered Direct Offering

On October 3, 2018 we completed a registered direct offering, pursuant to which we sold 1,789,258 shares of common stock at a price of $3.1445. We also issued to the investors in a concurrent private placement unregistered warrants to purchase up to 0.5 shares of common stock for each share purchased in the registered direct offering with an exercise price of $3.1445 per share. The warrants were exercisable immediately upon issuance and will expire five years following the date of issuance.

The registered direct offering raised total gross proceeds of $5.6 million, and after deducting approximately $0.6 million in placement agent fees and offering expenses, we received net proceeds of $5.0 million.

The placement agent fees and offering expenses have been charged against the gross proceeds.

At The Market Offering Agreement with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC

On June 7, 2019, we entered into an At The Market Offering Agreement, or the Offering Agreement, with H.C. Wainwright & Co., LLC, as agent, or H.C. Wainwright, pursuant to which we may offer and sell, from time to time and at our election, through H.C. Wainwright shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, having an aggregate offering price of up to $6.0 million.

Pursuant to the Offering Agreement, H.C. Wainwright may sell the shares our common stock by any method permitted by law deemed to be an “at the market offering” as defined in Rule 415 of the Securities Act, including sales made by means of ordinary brokers’ transactions, including on The Nasdaq Capital Market, at market prices or as otherwise agreed with H.C. Wainwright. H.C. Wainwright will use commercially reasonable efforts consistent with its normal trading and sales practices to sell the shares of common stock from time to time, based upon instructions from us, including any price or size limits or other customary parameters or conditions we may impose.

We are not obligated to make any sales of the shares of common stock under the Offering Agreement. The offering of shares of common stock pursuant to the Offering Agreement will terminate upon the earliest of (a) the sale of all of the shares of common stock subject to the Offering Agreement, (b) the termination of the Offering Agreement by H.C. Wainwright or us, as permitted therein, or (c) June 7, 2022.

We will pay H.C. Wainwright a commission rate equal to 3.0% of the aggregate gross proceeds from each sale of shares of common stock and have agreed to provide H.C. Wainwright with customary indemnification and contribution rights. We will also reimburse H.C. Wainwright for certain specified expenses in connection with entering into the Offering Agreement. The Offering Agreement contains customary representations and warranties and conditions to the placements of the shares of common stock pursuant thereto.

From June 7, 2019 to June 30, 2019 we did not offer any shares of our common stock for sale pursuant to the Offering Agreement. As of June 30, 2019, shares of our common stock having an aggregate value of approximately $6.0 million remained available for sale under the Offering Agreement.

The offering expenses and fees have been deferred and will be charged against gross proceeds.

Equity Award Issuances and Settlements

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we issued no shares of common stock to satisfy stock options exercises and 133 shares of common stock to satisfy restricted stock unit settlements, compared with no shares of common stock issued to satisfy stock options exercises and no shares of common stock to satisfy restricted stock unit settlements, during the three and six month periods ended June 30, 2018.

2018 Equity Incentive Plan

As of June 30, 2019, we had reserved, pursuant to the 2018 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2018 Plan, 1,336,055 common shares for issuance upon exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units by employees, directors, officers and consultants of ours, of which 732,000 were reserved for options currently outstanding and 604,055 were available for future equity grants.

Under the 2018 Plan, we may grant options to purchase common shares or restricted stock units to our employees, directors, officers and consultants. The exercise price of the options is determined by our board of directors but will be at least equal to the fair value of the common shares at the grant date. The options vest in accordance with terms as determined by our board of directors, typically over three to four years for options issued to employees and consultants, and over one to three years for members of our board of directors. The expiry date for each option is set by our board of directors with a maximum expiry date of ten years from the date of grant. In addition, the 2018 Plan allows for accelerated vesting of outstanding equity awards in the event of a change in control. The terms for accelerated vesting, in the event of a change in control, is determined at our discretion and defined under the employment agreements for our officers and certain of our employees.

2017 Equity Incentive Plan

As of June 30, 2019, we had reserved, pursuant to the 2017 Equity Incentive Plan, or the 2017 Plan, 272,660 common shares for issuance upon exercise of stock options, currently outstanding, by employees, directors and officers of ours. Upon the effectiveness of our 2018 Plan, we ceased granting equity awards under our 2017 Plan.

Under the 2017 Plan, we granted options to purchase common shares or restricted stock units to our employees, directors, officers and consultants. The exercise price of the options was determined by our board of directors but was at least equal to the fair value of the common shares at the grant date. The options vest in accordance with terms as determined by our board of directors, typically over three to four years for options issued to employees and consultants, and over one to three years for members of our board of directors. The expiry date for each option was set by our board of directors with a maximum expiry date of ten years from the date of grant. In addition, the 2017 Plan allows for accelerated vesting of outstanding equity awards in the event of a change in control. The terms for accelerated vesting, in the event of a change in control, is determined at our discretion and defined under the employment agreements for our officers and certain of our employees.

2010 Performance Incentive Plan

As of June 30, 2019, we had reserved, pursuant to the 2010 Performance Incentive Plan, or the 2010 Plan, 20,932 common shares for issuance upon exercise of stock options and settlement of restricted stock units by employees, directors, officers and consultants of ours, of which 5,923 were reserved for options currently outstanding and 15,009 were reserved for restricted stock units currently outstanding.

Under the 2010 Plan we granted options to purchase common shares and restricted stock units to our employees, directors, officers and consultants. The exercise price of the options was determined by our board of directors and was at least equal to the fair value of the common shares at the grant date. The options vest in accordance with terms as determined by our board of directors, typically over three to four years for options issued to employees and consultants, and over one to three years for members of our board of directors. The expiry date for each option is set by our board of directors with a maximum expiry date of ten years from the date of grant. In addition, the 2010 Plan allows for accelerated vesting of outstanding equity awards in the event of a change in control. The terms for accelerated vesting, in the event of a change in control, is determined at our discretion and defined under the employment agreements for our officers and certain of our employees.

Stock Option Summary

We grant stock options that vest over time in accordance with terms as determined by our Board of Directors, or the Board, which terms are typically four years for employee and consultant grants and one to three years for Board option grants. We also grant stock option awards that vest in conjunction with certain performance conditions to executive officers, employees and consultants. At each reporting date, we are required to evaluate whether achievement of the performance conditions is probable. Compensation expense is recorded over the appropriate service period based upon our assessment of accomplishing each performance condition. The expiry date for each option is set by the Board, which is typically seven to ten years. The exercise price of the options is determined by the Board.

Stock option transactions and the number of stock options outstanding are summarized below:

The fair value of each stock award for employees and directors is estimated on the grant date and for consultants at each reporting period, using the Black-Scholes option-pricing model based on the weighted-average assumptions noted in the following table:

No stock options were granted during the six months ended June 30, 2018.

The expected life was calculated based on the simplified method as permitted by the SEC’s Staff Accounting Bulletin 110, Share-Based Payment. We consider the use of the simplified method appropriate because of the lack of sufficient historical exercise data following the Arrangement. The computation of expected volatility was based on the historical volatility of comparable companies from a representative peer group selected based on industry and market capitalization. The risk-free interest rate is based on a U.S. Treasury instrument whose term is consistent with the expected life of the stock options. In addition to the assumptions above, as required under ASC 718, management made an estimate of expected forfeitures and is recognizing compensation costs only for those equity awards expected to vest. Forfeiture rates are estimated using historical actual forfeiture rates. These rates are adjusted on a quarterly basis and any change in compensation expense is recognized in the period of the change. We have never paid or declared cash dividends on our common stock and do not expect to pay cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

The results for the periods set forth below included share-based compensation expense for stock options and restricted stock units in the following expense categories of the consolidated statements of loss (in thousands):

As of June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the total unrecognized compensation expense related to stock options granted was $2.3 million and $1.8 million, respectively, which is expected to be recognized as expense over a period of approximately 2.5 years from June 30, 2019.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, a total of 5,174,021 shares, consisting of 4,148,077 warrants, 1,010,935 options and 15,009 restricted stock units, have not been included in the loss per share computation, as their effect on diluted per share amounts would have been anti-dilutive. For the same periods in 2018, a total of 3,460,843 shares underlying options, restricted stock units and warrants have not been included in the loss per share computation.

We grant restricted stock unit awards that generally vest and are expensed over a four year period. We also grant restricted stock unit awards that vest in conjunction with certain performance conditions to certain executive officers, key employees and consultants. At each reporting date, we are required to evaluate whether achievement of the performance conditions is probable. Compensation expense is recorded over the appropriate service period based upon our assessment of accomplishing each performance condition. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2019, we recorded a compensation expense of $37,000 and $37,000, respectively, related to these awards, compared to $37,000 and $37,000 for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, respectively.

The following table summarizes our restricted stock unit award activity during the six months ended June 30, 2019:

As of June 30, 2019, we had approximately $0.3 million in total unrecognized compensation expense related to our restricted stock unit awards that is to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2.09 years.

We recognize non-employee stock-based compensation expense over the period of expected service by the non-employee. As the service is performed, we are required to update our valuation assumptions, re-measure unvested options and restricted stock units and record the stock-based compensation using the valuation as of the vesting date. This differs from the accounting for employee awards where the fair value is determined at the grant date and is not subsequently adjusted. This re-measurement may result in higher or lower stock-based compensation expense in the Consolidated Statements of Loss and Comprehensive Loss. As such, changes in the market price of our stock could materially change the value of an option or restricted stock unit and the resulting stock-based compensation expense.

On May 30, 2019, we entered into a Warrant Exercise Agreement, or the Exercise Agreement, with Armistice Capital Master Fund, Ltd., or Armistice. Pursuant to the Exercise Agreement, Armistice exercised (i) outstanding warrants to purchase 270,313 shares of our common stock, par value $0.001 per share, with an exercise price of $3.1445 per share issued as part of the October 2018 financing and (ii) outstanding warrants to purchase 837,500 shares of our common stock with an exercise price of $4.00 per share issued as part of the June 2018 financing, for aggregate exercise proceeds to us of approximately $4.2 million, or, collectively, the Warrant Exercise.

As an inducement for the Warrant Exercise, we agreed to issue to Armistice a new warrant, exercisable for six years, to purchase up to 1,200,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $4.50 per share. We also agreed to file a registration statement covering the resale of the New Warrant Shares. The New Warrant and New Warrant Shares were offered to Armistice in reliance upon the exemption provided by Rule 506 of Regulation D and Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933.

Under ASC 260, the fair value of the new warrants of $3.9 million was recognized into accumulated deficit on our consolidated balance sheet as at June 30, 2019. We determined the fair value of the new warrants using the Black-Scholes pricing model with the following assumptions: stock price of $4.23, volatility of 97.16%, risk-free interest rate of 2.06% and expected term of six years.

The following is a summary of outstanding warrants to purchase common stock at June 30, 2019:

For the six months ended June 30, 2019, 837,500 of the warrants issued in the June 2018 financing were exercised at a per unit price of $4.00, for proceeds of $3.4 million and 270,313 of the warrants issued in the October 2018 financing were exercised at a per unit price of $3.1445, for proceeds of $0.8 million. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, 130,500 of the warrants issued in the June 2018 financing were exercised at a per unit price of $4.00, for proceeds of $0.5 million. The Series A-1 Warrants assumed by us as part of the Arrangement, the warrants issued in the September 2017 financing, the warrants issued in the June 2018 financing, the warrants issued in the October 2018 registered direct offering and the warrants issued as part of the Exercise Agreement in May 2019, are classified as equity. The Series A and Series B warrants assumed by us as part of the Arrangement are classified as liabilities. The estimated fair value of warrants classified as liabilities is reassessed at each reporting date using the Black-Scholes pricing model. As at June 30, 2019 and December 31, 2018, the fair value of the warrants was insignificant.